#formativechat starts NOW! Get ready for an action-packed discussion about making 2019 an X-cellent year for #formative assessment and learning!
@SteinbrinkLaura is guest hosting!
Welcome to an exciting and lightning fast round of #formativechat tonight! Please tell us who you are, what you do, where you've flown in from tonight, and your favorite X-Men mutation or mutant:
Good evening, #formativechat crew! My favorite mutation has to be Wolverine's ability to regenerate/self heal just about any injury. He's definitely one of my fave mutants!
We're using the Q1, A1 format tonight. Look for Q1 for the first question, and be sure to start your response with an A1! (Don't forget the #formativechat hashtag so that others can see and respond to your replies.)
In X-MEN, Days of Future Past, the story line allows for a whole new set of movies that can deviate from the original series. What is ONE (or more) way(s) that you plan to "Start Over" or "DEVATE" in your assessment strategies this new year? #formativechat
Intro - Dean V from Regina Saskatchewan Canada High School Math Teacher and proud @goformative certified educator. I'll go with the Canadian ... Wolverine #formativechat
Welcome to an exciting and lightning fast round of #formativechat tonight! Please tell us who you are, what you do, where you've flown in from tonight, and your favorite X-Men mutation or mutant:
Bill from STL. My favorite mutant for education is Nightcrawler! He is perfect for education because he can travel near and far in a split second! #formativechat
A1: As an Eng T, changing my assessments to be not so hung up on the minutia of the stories and more about analyzing all new passages & focusing on application for the assessment. More creating, less recall. Will deviate more from traditional MC tests. #formativechat
A1: I am no longer in the classroom but if I were, I'd want to spend less time grading and give more feedback to help students further their learning!
#formativechat
A1: I would like to start placing less of an emphasis on the grade and more of an emphasis on the process. Students sometimes need help finding the value in their own learning processes through formative assessment #formativechat
In X-MEN, Days of Future Past, the story line allows for a whole new set of movies that can deviate from the original series. What is ONE (or more) way(s) that you plan to "Start Over" or "DEVATE" in your assessment strategies this new year? #formativechat
A1: I plan to start over in terms of classroom expectations to make sure that the maximum amount of learning occurs. I need to tighten up on some protocols to make things run efficiently! #formativechat
In X-MEN, Days of Future Past, the story line allows for a whole new set of movies that can deviate from the original series. What is ONE (or more) way(s) that you plan to "Start Over" or "DEVATE" in your assessment strategies this new year? #formativechat
A1 it’s all about constantly circling back to standards within the grading period and giving Ss chances to demonstrate mastery for a first time or multiple times #formativechat
In X-MEN, Days of Future Past, the story line allows for a whole new set of movies that can deviate from the original series. What is ONE (or more) way(s) that you plan to "Start Over" or "DEVATE" in your assessment strategies this new year? #formativechat
A1: Assessments should servethe taker not the issuer. I plan on ensuring my #assessment take into account who is taking them. #coaching#pd#formativechat
#FormativeChat hi there.... seasons greetings to all from India. It's a cold morning here ...I am Aprajita Ralli and I teach History to the secondary School students.
Think about truth in reporting. Do the assessments align to the standard you are addressing? Focus on truth in reporting the students abilities not just collecting points. #formativechat#40cfpln
In X-MEN, Days of Future Past, the story line allows for a whole new set of movies that can deviate from the original series. What is ONE (or more) way(s) that you plan to "Start Over" or "DEVATE" in your assessment strategies this new year? #formativechat
A1: When working with Ts, assessment is still key to show they’ve got it and will be or are using what they’ve learned. I hope to make our county’s PD more interactive and allow Ts to take it in person or online and have time for playing, trying, and reflecting. #formativechat
A1: I am no longer in the classroom but if I were, I'd want to spend less time grading and give more feedback to help students further their learning!
#formativechat
#formativechat is heating up! It's not too late to join this awesome discussion about making 2019 the best year yet for #formative assessment and learning!
Helping teachers identify spots in their lessons when they should insert some type of formative assessment. I want to help them make it intentional with their planning. #formativechat
A1: I work with teachers and leaders in redesigning learning strategies including assessments. I plan to spend more time in #formativechat, reading about alternative methods, and invite teachers to share what new ideas worked or didn't work. 2019 is my time to learn.
A1 This year I want to implement much more in process reflection on their work. I do a lot of Checks for Understanding, but feel I need to have students do more thinking about what to do next. #formativechat
A1- I've been trying out single point rubrics with my formative assessments. I'm loving the focus on the objective and specifics on improving. #FormativeChat
In X-MEN, Days of Future Past, the story line allows for a whole new set of movies that can deviate from the original series. What is ONE (or more) way(s) that you plan to "Start Over" or "DEVATE" in your assessment strategies this new year? #formativechat
A1 - Work more on self and peer evaluation. Really get Ss engaged in the process more. Have to deviate from regular routine and invest the time to make this happen. #formativechat
In X-MEN, Days of Future Past, the story line allows for a whole new set of movies that can deviate from the original series. What is ONE (or more) way(s) that you plan to "Start Over" or "DEVATE" in your assessment strategies this new year? #formativechat
A1: I am not in the classroom anymore. However, if I had a do-over I would want to assess my "student's needs" rather than my "wants." #growthmindset#formativechat
#FormativeChat A1. I have to prepare my Ss for the BIG year-end exams. So this term it's going to be revision time...am looking at providing adequate opportunity to them for writing & submitting exam style questions...plus looking at creating DBQs so they know how to uses sources
A1: Assessments need to serve the students, not just what is easiest to grade. Self assessments are a valuable road to change the way we look at assessments. #FormativeChat
In X-MEN, Days of Future Past, the story line allows for a whole new set of movies that can deviate from the original series. What is ONE (or more) way(s) that you plan to "Start Over" or "DEVATE" in your assessment strategies this new year? #formativechat
A1 This year I want to implement much more in process reflection on their work. I do a lot of Checks for Understanding, but feel I need to have students do more thinking about what to do next. #formativechat
a1 #formativechat We used to have students give feedback on each others practice. Fluency, new vocabulary, confidence of gaze, clear they practiced etc I'd like to get that going much earlier this year ( starts Feb in Australia)
students love those and definitely @gimkit because it recycles the words more, my Ss say . it helps them to learn them faster and retain . the content #formativechat
In reply to
@mtartaro, @quizizz, @Flipgrid, @GetKahoot, @SMART_Tech, @gimkit
The challenge is always fitting everything into 40 minutes! I need to develop some forms and tools to make it easier and more automatic. #formativechat
A1- I want to remind teachers every Professional Learning session that they can use formative assessments in a quick and easy way! Also remind them to let the computer do the hard work when it can! #formativechat
A2: The real world not only allows collaboration, but requires it. Formative assessments are easy ways to incorporate S collab. Why stay within your classroom? Connect Ss to other classes for peer editing, debates, podcasts, games, art, solve problems, & more. #formativechat
A1: The power of assessment is that it helps us tell a story. In 2019, I hope to focus more on storytelling and less on evaluation. #learnlap#formativechat
A2 Teachers at my schools collaborate to create CFAs, then analyze the data together to see what feedback and further instruction is needed. #formativechat
A2: It’s great to maximize the power of collaboration by having (either Ss or Ts) teach one another what they’ve learned in a brief amount of time. If they are able to show someone how to learn the concept, they are more apt to remember and internalize it later. #formativechat
A2b Students collaborate to give feedback to peers in most subjects. This is not only helpful to the recipient, but it shows that the giver understands mastery of the standard. #formativechat
A2 As Instruc Coach/Rdg Spec, I collaborate w/ 90% of the Ts in my bldg abt assessments. Often, I'm able to encourage better inquiry; clearer essay questions & help Ts to write assessments that are more "why/how" based instead of basic recall #formativechat
A1: Hoping for Ss to learn to take more initiative of their own learning, and for them to respond more directly to feedback - any ideas? #formativechat
A2: Partnering with students is critical, and the best way we can do that is through structured reflection. Allow them to celebrate and allow them to generate action steps for improvement on their own. #formativechat
That makes a great deal of sense to me! Is it possible that another strategy is the 'less is more' idea with less items necessary to prove mastery? #formativechat
A1: Assessments need to serve the students, not just what is easiest to grade. Self assessments are a valuable road to change the way we look at assessments. #FormativeChat
In X-MEN, Days of Future Past, the story line allows for a whole new set of movies that can deviate from the original series. What is ONE (or more) way(s) that you plan to "Start Over" or "DEVATE" in your assessment strategies this new year? #formativechat
A2: I have a wonderful PLC that looks at what we want our kids to be able to do. Then, we ask ourselves, how would they LOVE to show they have learned? Then...and only then...the Magic happens. #formativechat
A2: Best way to maximize assessments is to encourage feedback. Actually, I like the idea of "Feedforward." Feedback is about commenting on what you did. Feedforward is wondering what you might want to do to enhance, change, or make it better. #formativechat
A2 Learning is a social phenomnom, so anytime I can get ppl together to talk, share view points, ideas is well spent. Friction is necessary for progress to take place #formativechat
A2: #formativechat in our current schedule ⏰ is at a premium for T collaboration so most of it must be done after work hours or on the weekend. I give the PPL in our building much respect for putting in the extra hours. The time we do have is respected and efficiently used.
A2: My Ss just finished a unit, where collaboration or working independently was completely optional. Only 1 S chose to work alone. They followed up with peer evaluation after they taught their peers. It maximized engagement. #FormativeChat
A2: we meet as grade level teams to come up with common assessments and ask if it can be cross-curricular ... And if it is best for kids #formativechat
A2 I am working on having Ss 'Turn & Talk' periodically during reading the same text. Checking in on each other's understanding and sharing their thoughts. #formativechat
A2 Teacher collaboration includes creative of assessments and sharing of results. Student collaboration often involves peer assessment, review of work and suggestions for improvement. #formativechat
A2 My Ss sit in groups of 3/4 during class, and collaboration is encouraged if not essential during out lab and process work. I expect Ss to help each other and be supportive. #formativechat
A2 Share the process, listen for feedback from Ss, talk about results w/your #PLC group The more transparent Ts are about assessment, the more powerful they can become #formativechat
A2: Ensure students understand what the criteria descriptors and allocate time for structured peer feedback. Can't empathize the importance of using exemplars. #formativechat
A2: It's also very important teachers collaborate around assessment to cultivate a better understanding of what students should know and be able to do -- and what it looks like when they achieve that! #formativechat
A2: when planning a lesson, make sure to incorporate inquiry and group work where students have aunthentic conversations with peers and teachers about the concept being learned #formativechat
#FormativeChat A2. I am very happy at the collaborative effort that we put in. My colleague &I, we plan every question together ...we put everything down then co create strategies & assignments... infact for SS too ,we have them in groups creating Qs & assigning to each other
A2: Exploring ways to build personal learning networks for Ss. Whether an ongoing discussion board or a Twitter hashtag, some way to extend the peer collaboration beyond the confines of a typical course. #formativechat
Don't forget to GET CONNECTED yourself! Interact with others here and their answers in between questions or even after tonight's chat! Follow others from the chat as well. #formativechat
I don't think it's accurate to say that adults do very little of it. But I do think it's important to teach our kids how to verbally communicate effectively #formativechat
Yes! Assessment through the stories we tell! That's awesome. What would the rubrics look like? Are you looking at measuring how the story evolves over time or is it the depth of understanding that is demonstrated? #SoManyQuestions#formativechat
A1: The power of assessment is that it helps us tell a story. In 2019, I hope to focus more on storytelling and less on evaluation. #learnlap#formativechat
A2: I wish I had more time for collaboration around assessment, it’s so important that as a team my grade level has data that matches, I’m not sure it always does. Room for improvement!!! #formativechat
A2: The idea of assessments currently needs to be shaken up. #whatif you learned from mistakes so they could look at new ways to learn something? Give Ss time to learn over and over. #Whatif Ss co-designed assessments w/ Ts? #formativechat
A2: looking at assessment results to compare and contrast areas of improvement or strengths. Also, collaboration on assisting each other in helping students based on assessment results #FormativeChat
A2: I can assess growth and mastery level based on conversations during activities in which collaboration is encouraged. They are starting to get used to these ‘assessments’ over paper based summative assessments all the time. #formativechat
A2 I often wonder what actually has to be done as an individual vs with another or open resources. We take this for granted in the adult world #FormativeChat
#formativechat A1: I plan to attend to competencies & levels of them, progress over end product, this means allowing student the opportunities to try to achieve the skills versus shutting the door with a grade. Working toward mastery & using validation to show attainment.
Don't forget to GET CONNECTED yourself! Interact with others here and their answers in between questions or even after tonight's chat! Follow others from the chat as well. #formativechat
A1- I want to remind teachers every Professional Learning session that they can use formative assessments in a quick and easy way! Also remind them to let the computer do the hard work when it can! #formativechat
A2: The idea of assessments currently needs to be shaken up. #whatif you learned from mistakes so they could look at new ways to learn something? Give Ss time to learn over and over. #Whatif Ss co-designed assessments w/ Ts? #formativechat
I agree 100%! There needs to be more disruption in assessment as in other areas. We can learn a lot if we look around the globe and are willing to create new paradigms! #formativechat
A2: Loving this X-Men theme and the graphics @SteinbrinkLaura and @Rdene915 Thinking I need to get up and dance while I'm tweeting with you in #formativechat
A2: It’s great to maximize the power of collaboration by having (either Ss or Ts) teach one another what they’ve learned in a brief amount of time. If they are able to show someone how to learn the concept, they are more apt to remember and internalize it later. #formativechat
Develop a process of giving and receiving feedback in the classroom and teach students explicitly the language we use when providing feedback. #formativechat
I'm ok with collaborative assessment as long as the top performing Ss are choosing their partners. No "random" assignment. I don't like the idea of weaker Ss gleaning grades off the work of stronger ones. It truly needs to be "COLLABORATIVE." #formativechat
PBL can be used everywhere. My whole perception on PBL activities and assessments were blown apart after a two day training in the fall. I’ll check out the blog you posted. #formativechat
A2: With collaboration around assessment, some educators see innovation as sacrificing “academic rigor,” as if assessment is some type of cognitive punishment for Ss who may not have mastered the compliance expectations of an assignment. #formativechat
Amen! It’s time to shake up and challenge what’s always been done. If we know Ss learn and demonstrate understanding in a variety of ways, why do we continue to only allow ONE way to show that understanding?! #FormativeChat
Q3: Professor X later lost his hair for good, in the X-Men. What is one (or more) of your assessment ideas that you thought were "untouchable" but now live comfortably without? #formativechat
A2: we shifted to a late start, and all meetings are in the mornings before students come. It’s helped with Ts collaboration since we have more space and time to work together! Still a lot more to do #formativechat
A2: The idea of assessments currently needs to be shaken up. #whatif you learned from mistakes so they could look at new ways to learn something? Give Ss time to learn over and over. #Whatif Ss co-designed assessments w/ Ts? #formativechat
A2 Always plan sessions or trainings with a reflexion piece...We spend so much time teaching and assessing that we hardly make intentional time to reflect #formativechat
A3: That a MC test is not the only valid way to assess mastery or learning. Tech has opened doors to assessment in a variety of ways like video- @Flipgrid , audio- @gosynth , outwardly anonymous- @PearDeck , gamififed- @GetKahoot@quizizz to name a few! #formativechat
What if that gleening helped Ss grow? I have Ss form groups so I know where you are coming from, but empowering them to learn from, not off, each other is the key #formativechat
A1: We often incorporate assessment of learning and assessment for learning. I want to utilize more assessment as learning! Those self-assessment and learning opportunities offer so much bang-for-the-buck! #formativechat
I love the idea of iterative assessment based on student learning! Imagine different students taking a variety of paths that continue to deepen their understanding! I think you just blew my mind! #formativechat
Q3: Professor X later lost his hair for good, in the X-Men. What is one (or more) of your assessment ideas that you thought were "untouchable" but now live comfortably without? #formativechat
A3: Okay, I have taught for 24 years, so I know this is going to sound old, but...I thought I would miss the luxury of scantrons. I really liked the sound of the machine as well. However, it did little to help my Ss and only helped the teacher with time management. #formativechat
A2- I collab w/Ss on their assessments by providing specific feedback then allow them to tell me when they are ready to show improvement. They are in Kinder so there is lots of scaffolding! #formativechat
A3 - Assessing Ss learning styles and tailoring classes to their preferred style.
No evidence of this being effective.
Learning styles = no bueno.
https://t.co/6zkGq5cZxo#formativechat
A3: I used to give the same feedback every time I saw the same mistake. I ditched that and spent more time teaching my Ss how to self-assess.
#formativechat
I used to think you needed to have a final cumulative assessment that would be worth a large % of the grade. No more. An assessment given on one day IS a valuable piece of information. But it's not the whole puzzle and may not be necessary to determine proficiency. #formativechat
Q3: Professor X later lost his hair for good, in the X-Men. What is one (or more) of your assessment ideas that you thought were "untouchable" but now live comfortably without? #formativechat
This chat is flying by and so many great ideas, @SteinbrinkLaura is rocking it tonight in #formativechat#4OCFpln great questions and such great answers and ideas from everyone
A2: One of the ways to collaborate with students: Making assessment criteria comprehensible to increase student agency
https://t.co/933ioFLd07#formativechat
A3 Quizzes and tests! I only give typical tests when I have to, otherwise I try to have Ss show what they know so I can see the growth process in their work #formativechat
A3: That a MC test is not the only valid way to assess mastery or learning. Tech has opened doors to assessment in a variety of ways like video- @Flipgrid , audio- @gosynth , outwardly anonymous- @PearDeck , gamififed- @GetKahoot@quizizz to name a few! #formativechat
#formativechat a2 @howie_hua gives a great exemplar where students get to talk, no pens about test questions for five minutes as they go into a test. How is that for maximizing co-teaching and retrieval prac.
Q3: Professor X later lost his hair for good, in the X-Men. What is one (or more) of your assessment ideas that you thought were "untouchable" but now live comfortably without? #formativechat
A3: That a MC test is not the only valid way to assess mastery or learning. Tech has opened doors to assessment in a variety of ways like video- @Flipgrid , audio- @gosynth , outwardly anonymous- @PearDeck , gamififed- @GetKahoot@quizizz to name a few! #formativechat
A3: #formativechat an idea that I am comfortable w/out is making my learners all take the same summative assessment at the same time.
It is about mastery of content not master of content in my window of time.
Q3: Professor X later lost his hair for good, in the X-Men. What is one (or more) of your assessment ideas that you thought were "untouchable" but now live comfortably without? #formativechat
A3: multiple choice isn't the "end all be all" ... Assessment doesn't have to be 4 pages long ... It can look different for every kid (not one true way to assess a standard) #FormativeChat
Q3: Professor X later lost his hair for good, in the X-Men. What is one (or more) of your assessment ideas that you thought were "untouchable" but now live comfortably without? #formativechat
All great apps! I have to give a shout-out to @edpuzzle too. Love using this app for formative assessment within teacher created videos! Works well with @goformative too 👍🏼 #formativechat
In reply to
@SteinbrinkLaura, @Flipgrid, @gosynth, @PearDeck, @GetKahoot, @quizizz, @edpuzzle, @goformative
A3: Every assessment is a grade. FALSE!! ASSESSMENTs DO NOT NEED TO BE A GRADE!!!! #formativechat Assessment should be formative and guide instruction.
This can be done in other formative opportunities. Not for a grade. Collaboration is part of the learning process. Collaboration can be a form of assessment. Gleaning can be a part of learning. But gleaning can never be rewarded in an assessment. #formativechat
Ss time needs to be valued more. Is what they are doing for an assessment a good use of their time & making them grow? Some of the old standard ideas can be more busy work than growth developing #formativechat
A3: Used to give frequent, small assessments and thought I was doing the kids a favor. They were constantly stressed from always being assessed. Now we decide together or sometimes individually when they are confident and ready. Timing varies now #formativechat
A3 I stopped grading homework and I am not looking back. I do assign "home learning," and do a lot more formative assessment. I am teaching for learning, not grading #formativechat
A3: multiple choice isn't the "end all be all" ... Assessment doesn't have to be 4 pages long ... It can look different for every kid (not one true way to assess a standard) #FormativeChat
Since I am no longer a 'Classroom' teacher I have not given homework another thought! I do send 'baggie books' home to my Literacy Ss, though. #formativechat
A3: That good “quality” feedback for writing must be 3 hours worth of comments that many Ss rarely read or used. Much more focused on “essential” feedback that leads to deeper learning and mastery. #formativechat
A3: I used to believe that exams at the end of the novels were untouchable. Now I (gasp!) often don't read an entire novel or provide a standardized test at the end of one if it is read as a whole class. I'm using more differentiated & choice forms of assessment. #formativechat
Q3: Professor X later lost his hair for good, in the X-Men. What is one (or more) of your assessment ideas that you thought were "untouchable" but now live comfortably without? #formativechat
Ss time needs to be valued more. Is what they are doing for an assessment a good use of their time & making them grow? Some of the old standard ideas can be more busy work than growth developing #formativechat
A 3. I was w paper/pencil kind of person. Now, I encourage student voice on what type of assessment to use. Each student could be different in a day. #FormativeChat
Depends on how you structure and use it - PBL approach can integrate formative approaches, collaboration, and a deeper dive into a topic Ss are interested in. #formativechat
True; I let the gleening occur on step stone formative assessments, but always put accountability checks in performance based opportunities #formativechat
A3: I would have to say using google forms for ss to reflect on activities. what helped them learn, what didn’t, what they liked, didn’t like, who is the best science teacher on our kiln that loves science? You know, the typical questions. #formativechat
Depends on how you structure and use it - PBL approach can integrate formative approaches, collaboration, and a deeper dive into a topic Ss are interested in. #formativechat
So glad you joined us tonight, making this an X-CELLENT chat everyone! Have a great week! Don't forget to come back next week as @mpilakow takes the helm! #formativechat
A3: That good “quality” feedback for writing must be 3 hours worth of comments that many Ss rarely read or used. Much more focused on “essential” feedback that leads to deeper learning and mastery. #formativechat
A3: #whatif we did assessment like what happens in the real world? Collect evidence of your learning, artifacts of how you assessed the process as you learned, reflections on what worked/ didn't work & why. Let assessment be more authentic. #formativechat#rethink_learning
Same here. I will refrain myself from giving feedback on every aspect. Instead, asking students what they want to receive feedback on and provide target feedback. #formativechat
A3 Admin led assessment breakdown...Admins definitely help get the breakdown started, but teachers should then take the reins and lead...then they can share openly...Our Dean of Instruction @laurajc26 is great at this #formativechat
#formativechat a3 I spent years making worksheets, most of which I happily live without now. Do a bit more diagramming so students focus on details, it's a more proactive learning.
#languagelearning#numeracy
A3: I cant speak to a specific one but the idea that learning is on going so should assessments. Being able to show proficiency should be supported through check points and from all those check points students still might need remediation and extensions.
#formativechat
Perhaps the sign of healthy assessment practice is that it’s constantly evolving—the educator applying reflection and innovation to perfect the assessment process, and never being satisfied with stasis over time. #formativechat
A3-One and done approach to assessment. Do lots of #formativeassessment mastery learning redos variety of ways to show understanding etc Learning doesn't end at an assessment its part of process. Assess means to guide not stop journey. #formativechat
Q3: Professor X later lost his hair for good, in the X-Men. What is one (or more) of your assessment ideas that you thought were "untouchable" but now live comfortably without? #formativechat
#TeacherMyth chat launches a new series on building habits of reflection TOMORROW NIGHT!
Join us as we chat about how we make time in our busy schedules. Let’s get past excuses & find time to reflect!
8:30-9:00 pm CST | Series begins January 8th
#TLAP#FormativeChat#LearnLAP
This is a huge philosophical shift....a lot of heavy lifting, but I think worth the effort. Setting the stage for what feedback is and isn't can't soften the blow #formativechat
A3-One and done approach to assessment. Do lots of #formativeassessment mastery learning redos variety of ways to show understanding etc Learning doesn't end at an assessment its part of process. Assess means to guide not stop journey. #formativechat
Q3: Professor X later lost his hair for good, in the X-Men. What is one (or more) of your assessment ideas that you thought were "untouchable" but now live comfortably without? #formativechat
A2 - Check out the blog from Dr. Winsome Waite from @All4Ed "How Building and Using Assessments for Learning Support the Entire Education System" - https://t.co/W5dMyciaxT#formativechat
So glad you joined us tonight, making this an X-CELLENT chat everyone! Have a great week! Don't forget to come back next week as @mpilakow takes the helm! #formativechat
A2 -Harness the power of tech tools like @goformative to elicit timely and effective feedback for both Ts and Ss to use in collaboration and #formativeassessment Create an envioment were risks and mistakes celebrated#formativechat
A2: I'm becoming more interested in student metacognition and goal setting. I've been blogging and tweeting about it--and hosting #formativechat next Monday about it! #LearnLAP
