#ASEchat Archive

The Association for Science Education (ASE) promotes excellence in science teaching and learning. Follow #ASEchat Mondays at 3pm ET.

Monday July 16, 2018
3:00 PM EDT

  • hrogerson Jul 16 @ 3:01 PM EDT
    Good evening, it is 8pm, so it is time for #asechat. Tonight the topic is assessment regimes. Is yours set by you/the department/the school/the MAT or a combination?
  • hrogerson Jul 16 @ 3:02 PM EDT
    Do you set tests at the end of each topic? Are they always of the same format? #asechat
  • hrogerson Jul 16 @ 3:03 PM EDT
    Are the tests you use bought? Or are we still making tests using SATs questions from Test Base? #asechat
  • hrogerson Jul 16 @ 3:05 PM EDT
    Do you feel you are testing for the benefit of the students? Or is it to collect data for another reason? #asechat
  • MrsSingleton Jul 16 @ 3:05 PM EDT
    I have just finished a set of 30 minute end of topic assessments for our school. I am sharing them with other HODs in our MAT which is optional to use. They are made of test base questions and GCSE questions for KS3 . They are linked to the PLCs that we have written #asechat
  • _theteachr Jul 16 @ 3:06 PM EDT
    Currently the department uses pre-made tests from a publisher - I often don't like those, but is most time efficient. #asechat
  • MrsSingleton Jul 16 @ 3:06 PM EDT
    Ours is for the students benefit. We can then get the data if the need arises... #ASEChat
    In reply to @hrogerson
  • takepi21 Jul 16 @ 3:07 PM EDT
    1/2 We have been spending gained time improving our assessments as it’s been a little variable, shall we say, by teacher. Linked to numerous changes in staff and SoW in recent year. Assessments hadn’t caught up. #ASEChat
    In reply to @hrogerson
  • hrogerson Jul 16 @ 3:07 PM EDT
    Is someone looking to collect that data for higher purposes or is it just for your own information? #asechat
    In reply to @JacksElissa44
  • mrbakerphysics Jul 16 @ 3:08 PM EDT
    Kids are going to spend an hour each sitting them, staff are going to spend at a chunk of time each marking them, then you'll both spend a chunk of lesson feeding back. I don't see the worth in saving a few hours putting the paper together? #asechat
    In reply to @_theteachr
  • CazGerrard Jul 16 @ 3:08 PM EDT
    Good evening Helen ... #asechat
    In reply to @hrogerson
  • hrogerson Jul 16 @ 3:09 PM EDT
    #asechat I know what you mean, our KS3 assessment is fine, but we've struggled to get enough time and resources together to assess key stage 4 as well as we'd like. Hopefully will be sorted next year. Have decided on a plan.
    In reply to @takepi21
  • _theteachr Jul 16 @ 3:09 PM EDT
    Sometimes seems like tests are their to generate raw data for making coloured spreadsheets... perhaps one formative assessment used well is better than a string of tests that are not used formatively. #asechat
  • teacherchalky1 Jul 16 @ 3:10 PM EDT
    Here's a key idea to remind students about in September! #ukedchat #science #asechat #nqtchat #ittchat #aussieED #edchat
  • MrsSingleton Jul 16 @ 3:10 PM EDT
    Ours are 30 minute tests, they then are self assessed, and we calculate a %, students than choose an area in which they have underperformed and then work on that area #asechat
    In reply to @mrbakerphysics, @_theteachr
  • hrogerson Jul 16 @ 3:10 PM EDT
    #asechat good point about having a good balance in assessments. I think you could get caught up in getting a spread of knowledge and forget to think about the different AOs.
    • DavoChem Jul 16 @ 3:08 PM EDT
      I guess this answers 2 questions in one - we make our own using exampro for the AQA spec. They are made by the KS4 coordinator and checked by the 'unofficial' lead teacher for each science within the dept. They must consist of AO1, AO2, and AO3 Qs as close to real thing as poss.
      In reply to @hrogerson
  • DavoChem Jul 16 @ 3:12 PM EDT
    #ASEChat I did an audit of our assessments and found that they were very heavily focused on knowledge when, lo-and-behold, this wasn't the area of the spec the kids were struggling with. It's meant that we've been building more weird and wonderful contexts into our lessons...
    In reply to @hrogerson
  • mrbakerphysics Jul 16 @ 3:13 PM EDT
    Guess it depends on the purpose of the test? For me, if it's the first time they've seen the content, the test is to know which content they do/don't understand, so the more complex AOs could come later? Or perhaps that has been covered with AfL as it's learnt? #asechat
    In reply to @hrogerson
  • takepi21 Jul 16 @ 3:13 PM EDT
    Definitely for students with topic tests. Data informs teachers re adapting medium term plans. Not primary grading tool. We have mid and end of year assessments set by our MAT for that. #asechat
    In reply to @hrogerson
  • aegilopoides Jul 16 @ 3:14 PM EDT
    Most units at ks4 have a test. We use Q's from Exampro, set by us. At ks3 we have included Q's we've written so that there was more opportunity for extended answers. They have 3 tests per year. #asechat
    In reply to @hrogerson
  • DavoChem Jul 16 @ 3:14 PM EDT
    #ASEChat to hit the AO2, and even writing our own AO3 questions using the root of a question and its accompanying diagram. We're not quite there with this and some are better quality than others but it will get better.
    In reply to @hrogerson
  • mrbakerphysics Jul 16 @ 3:14 PM EDT
    Sounds joyous! The more lovely contexts they've been exposed to and picked the science out of, the better they'll be at it when they get a curve ball in the exam. #asechat
    In reply to @DavoChem, @hrogerson
  • _theteachr Jul 16 @ 3:15 PM EDT
    I think a range of approaches towards assessment is helpful, e.g. even if it is one question that everyone does together for a few minutes - and a little and often approach can help build those non AO1 skills needed in the exam... #asechat
  • hrogerson Jul 16 @ 3:15 PM EDT
    If you are setting your own tests are you setting tests that students should be able to do or are you trying to create ones that will discriminate? Or another purpose? #asechat
  • SKLchem Jul 16 @ 3:16 PM EDT
    #asechat I've just been marking a few extra clips from GCSE chemistry now the marking cap has been lifted; not sure I can face a discussion on assessment right now!
  • hrogerson Jul 16 @ 3:16 PM EDT
    Good quality questions can be hard to come by! #asechat
    In reply to @MrsSingleton, @DavoChem
  • stormeducation Jul 16 @ 3:18 PM EDT
    #asechat @mrbakerphysics very much agree!
  • _theteachr Jul 16 @ 3:19 PM EDT
    ...and it feels like the spec lifetime is like an arms race - examiners set a certain standard/tone/style - teachers clock it and prep the kids, examiners switch it a little, teachers clock it... etc. Hence the sawtooth pattern of grade boundaries over new specs #asechat
  • hrogerson Jul 16 @ 3:19 PM EDT
    We are using the Activate tests at key stage 3 - they're hard! But we think it has helped the students take them seriously and a lot of them therefore take revision seriously too. For me the revision is the most important bit. #asechat
  • mrbakerphysics Jul 16 @ 3:20 PM EDT
    Fingers crossed the new spec is hard/broad enough, and they keep setting curveballs to stop/minimise the effect. Hopefully we can reward learning/teaching science, rather than science exams. #asechat
    In reply to @_theteachr
  • hrogerson Jul 16 @ 3:20 PM EDT
    I want to create more multiple choice tests to check the knowledge, using something like zip grade could make it all quite quick and not distract too much from teaching. #asechat
    In reply to @mrbakerphysics
  • mrbakerphysics Jul 16 @ 3:21 PM EDT
    Both! For AS class (the only one I was allowed to set myself - rest by MAT), I aimed for half which anyone who'd worked and understood content would get 100% in, then half which quickly ramped to pick out grades. #asechat
    In reply to @hrogerson
  • mrbakerphysics Jul 16 @ 3:22 PM EDT
    Former colleague's new school use zipgrade for all unit tests and love it! Let's them assess more in the same time. #asechat
    In reply to @hrogerson
  • hrogerson Jul 16 @ 3:24 PM EDT
    I remember when using multiple choice tests was frowned on. But when I was at school it was how I was assessed all the time - test put into plastic wallet 2 minutes to mark. #Asechat
    • mrbakerphysics Jul 16 @ 3:22 PM EDT
      Former colleague's new school use zipgrade for all unit tests and love it! Let's them assess more in the same time. #asechat
      In reply to @hrogerson
  • _theteachr Jul 16 @ 3:24 PM EDT
    Well written multiple choice questions and a formative approach to their use can be really powerful. #asechat
    In reply to @hrogerson, @mrbakerphysics
  • hrogerson Jul 16 @ 3:25 PM EDT
    I think this is a problem - it's a real skill to write good questions. When I start to write tests from scratch they can take 10-20 hours to do a good job. #asechat
    • _theteachr Jul 16 @ 3:24 PM EDT
      Well written multiple choice questions and a formative approach to their use can be really powerful. #asechat
      In reply to @hrogerson, @mrbakerphysics
  • hrogerson Jul 16 @ 3:26 PM EDT
    If you are lurking do feel you can join in with #asechat tonight. We are talking about assessment. How do you do it? How would you like to do it?
  • mrbakerphysics Jul 16 @ 3:27 PM EDT
    I think "people" decided they were too easy and not worthwhile. Did the easy ones in GCSEs around the early 00s discredit them somewhat? #asechat
    In reply to @hrogerson
  • hrogerson Jul 16 @ 3:28 PM EDT
    If they do then they'll be selling them for £10 per test on TES. 😫 #asechat
    In reply to @DavoChem, @_theteachr, @mrbakerphysics
  • mrbakerphysics Jul 16 @ 3:28 PM EDT
    I'd argue time well spent compared to some of the nonsense that teachers have to do in (some) schools though! #asechat
    In reply to @hrogerson
  • hrogerson Jul 16 @ 3:29 PM EDT
    Maybe that is what it was - when I left school the teachers were using them, when I started teaching 5 years later it was frowned on. That is when the module GCSEs started. (They might have been easy, but my students still struggled!) #Asechat
    In reply to @mrbakerphysics
  • hrogerson Jul 16 @ 3:30 PM EDT
    She speaks a lot of sense on assessment! #asechat
    In reply to @ViciaScience, @MaryUYSEG
  • ViciaScience Jul 16 @ 3:30 PM EDT
    #asechat
    • ViciaScience Jul 16 @ 3:29 PM EDT
      I am lurking a bit. I would like to try out something @MaryUYSEG described - write the assessments then teach the lessons#ASEChat
      In reply to @hrogerson, @MaryUYSEG
  • mrbakerphysics Jul 16 @ 3:32 PM EDT
    As a student I HATED them. It all felt so pointless that they added up to such a little % of the course. As an ITT I had teachers tell me multiple choice wasn't a valid test method. They clearly hadn't seen the ones on AS/A level physics! #asechat
    In reply to @hrogerson
  • hrogerson Jul 16 @ 3:32 PM EDT
    I am finding that the 'big' summative assessment we do as a department is settling into a pattern nicely after all the curriculum change. But the formative and 'checking' bits are less easy to pin down. #asechat
  • hrogerson Jul 16 @ 3:33 PM EDT
    Absolutely! I love using them - those A-level physics multi-choice really tests the knowledge of the students. #asechat
    In reply to @mrbakerphysics
  • mrbakerphysics Jul 16 @ 3:33 PM EDT
    Wouldn't that lead to (some) teachers teaching the exam contexts instead of/as well as the science content? #asechat
    In reply to @ViciaScience
  • ViciaScience Jul 16 @ 3:33 PM EDT
    So do you treat the assessment of practical skills differently to conceptual understanding now we have CPAC and required practicals at GCSE? #ASEChat
    In reply to @hrogerson
  • ChemTeachCMG Jul 16 @ 3:33 PM EDT
    ... We use end of topic tests, but our-attaining students perform poorly on these and they/we see little benefit from doiny them. Looking at more frequent, shorter low-stakes assessments, with perhaps a couple of longer assessments at checkpoints in the year. #asechat
    In reply to @hrogerson
  • MaryUYSEG Jul 16 @ 3:34 PM EDT
    Sorry to come to this late, thanks for the poke, Richard. Very appropriate topic as I try to put together some thoughts for @theASE Best Practice Guidance on Assessment in Science - in 2 sides of A4!! (@NeedhamL56 likes to set a challenge) #ASEChat
    In reply to @hrogerson, @ViciaScience, @theASE, @NeedhamL56
  • hrogerson Jul 16 @ 3:34 PM EDT
    Been going through all my pre-2008 teaching files and found some multiple choice question from the pre-2006 GCSE. I am thinking that I will re-purpose them. #asechat
  • ViciaScience Jul 16 @ 3:35 PM EDT
    Yes it could. The skill would be to initially write questions that were not heavily context dependent (unless that was your intended outcome) #ASEChat
    In reply to @mrbakerphysics
  • hrogerson Jul 16 @ 3:36 PM EDT
    2 sides of A4 - very small type needed 😂 Look forward to reading it though. #asechat
    • MaryUYSEG Jul 16 @ 3:34 PM EDT
      Sorry to come to this late, thanks for the poke, Richard. Very appropriate topic as I try to put together some thoughts for @theASE Best Practice Guidance on Assessment in Science - in 2 sides of A4!! (@NeedhamL56 likes to set a challenge) #ASEChat
      In reply to @hrogerson, @ViciaScience, @theASE, @NeedhamL56
  • hrogerson Jul 16 @ 3:38 PM EDT
    you always ask a tricky Q! I am still figuring this out. But the A-level questions are hard to predict. I find discussing practical work verbally is really important in Y12 as they do find it difficult to analyse validity initially. #asechat
    In reply to @ViciaScience
  • NeedhamL56 - Moderator Jul 16 @ 3:39 PM EDT
    We have more @theASE best practice guidance here, open access to anyone https://t.co/JzTD8sG6tG #asechat
    • hrogerson Jul 16 @ 3:36 PM EDT
      2 sides of A4 - very small type needed 😂 Look forward to reading it though. #asechat
      • MaryUYSEG Jul 16 @ 3:34 PM EDT
        Sorry to come to this late, thanks for the poke, Richard. Very appropriate topic as I try to put together some thoughts for @theASE Best Practice Guidance on Assessment in Science - in 2 sides of A4!! (@NeedhamL56 likes to set a challenge) #ASEChat
        In reply to @hrogerson, @ViciaScience, @theASE, @NeedhamL56
  • hrogerson Jul 16 @ 3:40 PM EDT
    I think that is a sensible programme. We're keen to move to a model like that at key stage 4. Good point about the content not in the assessment. #asechat
    In reply to @tmoseley6192
  • Mallrat_uk Jul 16 @ 3:41 PM EDT
    I am just re-writing end of topic tests- 10 1 mark qs of basic recall, 5 2 mark basic application. Then 5 exam style questions. We have high proportion of EAL need something they can access at gain at least a few marks #asechat
  • ViciaScience Jul 16 @ 3:41 PM EDT
    'Back in the day' before GCSE we used to write whole CSE papers in science - learned a lot from this, particularly with local group moderation. Teachers no longer get the chance to contribute to high stakes assessments #ASEChat
    In reply to @hrogerson
  • hrogerson Jul 16 @ 3:42 PM EDT
    A job to add to my to-do list for my unit planning this year! Too busy to do this as well as I would like and have done in the past. #asechat
    • MaryUYSEG Jul 16 @ 3:38 PM EDT
      The 'formative and checking bits' need to be pinned down at the planning stage so it is clear to the teacher where the teaching is going. And helps it become clear to the student what is expected, and what the learning is about.
      In reply to @hrogerson
  • hrogerson Jul 16 @ 3:43 PM EDT
    I don't think that I would know half as much as I do about assessment without the @theASE conference and hearing @DrDav and @MaryUYSEG speak. Definitely something teachers benefit from. #asechat
    In reply to @ViciaScience, @theASE, @DrDav, @MaryUYSEG
  • NeedhamL56 - Moderator Jul 16 @ 3:43 PM EDT
    Watch out for the new @theASE web site too coming soon! #asechat Will be easier to find stuff!
    • DavoChem Jul 16 @ 3:42 PM EDT
      I always love it when I discover an unexplored corner of the ASE website, I'm looking forward to getting my teeth into these.
      In reply to @NeedhamL56, @theASE
  • ViciaScience Jul 16 @ 3:44 PM EDT
    I think many teachers would agree with you, that the techniques and apparatus aspects need discussing as well as doing. Reminded of this at todays Good Practical Science meeting when the phrase #carrotgate came up once more #ASEChat
    In reply to @hrogerson
  • hrogerson Jul 16 @ 3:45 PM EDT
    For key stage 3 we test at the end of each topic in the autumn term, in the spring and summer we see how we are doing time wise! But if we can we will test. Then we have an exam about the whole year content in June. #asechat
  • NeedhamL56 - Moderator Jul 16 @ 3:45 PM EDT
    yes I agree that @theASE conferences are such a greta opportunity to hobnob with the who’s who of science education, you mentioned a couple of class acts there! #asechat
    • hrogerson Jul 16 @ 3:43 PM EDT
      I don't think that I would know half as much as I do about assessment without the @theASE conference and hearing @DrDav and @MaryUYSEG speak. Definitely something teachers benefit from. #asechat
      In reply to @ViciaScience, @theASE, @DrDav, @MaryUYSEG
  • NeedhamL56 - Moderator Jul 16 @ 3:46 PM EDT
    Well I suppose I’d better join in with the topic, having spent the last 10 mins advertising the benefits of @theASE (You could also be a member!) #asechat
  • SKLchem Jul 16 @ 3:48 PM EDT
    #asechat how many departments undertake moderation or standardisation? Should we?
    In reply to @ViciaScience, @hrogerson
  • mrbakerphysics Jul 16 @ 3:48 PM EDT
    To me carrotgate shows what happens when people teach the context, not the science? #asechat
    In reply to @ViciaScience, @hrogerson
  • ViciaScience Jul 16 @ 3:48 PM EDT
    So why do end of topic tests in KS3 if children no longer sit modular exams in Y10/Y11? #ASEChat
    In reply to @hrogerson
  • hrogerson Jul 16 @ 3:49 PM EDT
    At key stage 4 we test them at the end of September/start of October on the content from that year. Then in January Y11 have mocks, we'll test Y10 in February/March and again in June (GCSEs for Y11 or end of year exams for Y10). #asechat
  • mrbakerphysics Jul 16 @ 3:50 PM EDT
    I think it makes sense to test as you go (nip problems in the bud etc), but I don't see why these need to all look like mini GCSE exams. As you suggest, are we stuck in a modular mindest? (Same reason we do excessive tracking?) #asechat
    In reply to @ViciaScience, @hrogerson
  • _theteachr Jul 16 @ 3:50 PM EDT
    Yes! Definitely... Just a couple of meetings in the year - get some kids responses to a question or a task and see if the teachers agree on the assessment and discuss. Very, very powerful. #asechat
    In reply to @SKLchem, @ViciaScience, @hrogerson
  • ViciaScience Jul 16 @ 3:50 PM EDT
    Absolutely essential, not just between science teachers but also between physics, chemistry and biology teachers otherwise children cannot see the patterns and commonality between disciplines or between year groups #ASEChat Look at @theASE PLAN resources for ideas on moderation
    In reply to @SKLchem, @hrogerson, @theASE
  • NeedhamL56 - Moderator Jul 16 @ 3:51 PM EDT
    May have missed this, but do people use more low stakes testing, as a way of helping memory, rather than big we’re having a test test? #asechat
  • hrogerson Jul 16 @ 3:51 PM EDT
    At key stage 5 we test at the end of the topics, then a mock in January and the real exams in June. We're one of the few still doing As exams.... how much longer will they exist? #asechat
  • ViciaScience Jul 16 @ 3:52 PM EDT
    For some of us it has already ticked! Twitter suggests that people no longer with a teacher contract have nothing to offer those who do #ASEChat
    In reply to @DiLeed, @alomshaha, @hrogerson
  • NeedhamL56 - Moderator Jul 16 @ 3:52 PM EDT
    Ooo I like this second comment! I believe we are #asechat
    • mrbakerphysics Jul 16 @ 3:50 PM EDT
      I think it makes sense to test as you go (nip problems in the bud etc), but I don't see why these need to all look like mini GCSE exams. As you suggest, are we stuck in a modular mindest? (Same reason we do excessive tracking?) #asechat
      In reply to @ViciaScience, @hrogerson
  • ViciaScience Jul 16 @ 3:53 PM EDT
    Yes I agree. But it may not be intentional that osmosis becomes fixed with a potato context in children's minds - they often find ways of fixating on the unintended #ASEChat
    In reply to @mrbakerphysics, @hrogerson
  • hrogerson Jul 16 @ 3:53 PM EDT
    This is to help the students get an idea about their current learning and provide data for reports. The tests are hard and it means they take their revision for the end of year exams really seriously. #asechat
    In reply to @ViciaScience
  • _theteachr Jul 16 @ 3:53 PM EDT
    I'm not a HoD anymore but if I was, I'd be quite keen to ask my teachers to write what they thought were the answers for a paper and then ask a colleague-friend to mark it when the markscheme came out - and use that as a basis of discussion. #asechat
  • ViciaScience Jul 16 @ 3:55 PM EDT
    Probably it is an inherited situation and of course you need to know if children have grasped what has been taught before moving on to new topics. But I am not convinced using past GCSE questions with Y9 is the way to do this #ASEChat
    In reply to @mrbakerphysics, @hrogerson
  • mrbakerphysics Jul 16 @ 3:55 PM EDT
    Indeed, but if they've only done the practical with potatoes, heard it spoken about with potatoes, and all the past paper Qs they've done are about potatoes, then it's not a huge leap for kids to think it's all about potatoes? Varied contexts help everything #asechat
    In reply to @ViciaScience, @hrogerson
  • mrbakerphysics Jul 16 @ 3:55 PM EDT
    Good way to smash their confidence or any love they have for the subject though! #asechat
    In reply to @ViciaScience, @hrogerson
  • ChemTeachCMG Jul 16 @ 3:55 PM EDT
    Trying to move towards more of this, particularly with low-attainers at GCSE in the first instance. The big "all-in" end of topic tests often freak them out and end up with many unanswered/poorly attempted questions. Want to build confidence and develop regular review. #asechat
    In reply to @NeedhamL56
  • NeedhamL56 - Moderator Jul 16 @ 3:56 PM EDT
    If you are looking for the PLAN resources scroll down to the assessment bit of this page https://t.co/89slyNqe0u you would pick up some good info about what Y4,5,& 6 are up to #transition #asechat
    • ViciaScience Jul 16 @ 3:50 PM EDT
      Absolutely essential, not just between science teachers but also between physics, chemistry and biology teachers otherwise children cannot see the patterns and commonality between disciplines or between year groups #ASEChat Look at @theASE PLAN resources for ideas on moderation
      In reply to @SKLchem, @hrogerson, @theASE
  • hrogerson Jul 16 @ 3:57 PM EDT
    Really good point, we are a bit sneaky and use our assessment regime and the support we give for end of year exams as a bit of a recruitment tool to separate science - seems to be working currently. #asechat
    • mrbakerphysics Jul 16 @ 3:55 PM EDT
      Good way to smash their confidence or any love they have for the subject though! #asechat
      In reply to @ViciaScience, @hrogerson
  • ViciaScience Jul 16 @ 3:57 PM EDT
    I do not think we do ourselves any favours by making out science is hard. I cannot think of much more disincentive to study a subject as repeatedly getting marks in the 0 - 30% range, which was my experience of using past papers with young groups of students #ASEChat
    In reply to @hrogerson
  • hrogerson Jul 16 @ 3:59 PM EDT
    By this I mean that the students come out of the end of year exams feeling that they can do science as the tests do discriminate, but the first 50% is achievable by all. #asechat
  • mrbakerphysics Jul 16 @ 3:59 PM EDT
    Yup, and then you say "Don't worry, the grade boundaries are really low, everyone nationally found it hard". Which might be true, but hardly motivational. #asechat
    In reply to @ViciaScience, @hrogerson
  • mrbakerphysics Jul 16 @ 3:59 PM EDT
    Do they get more time for separate? #asechat
    In reply to @hrogerson
  • NeedhamL56 - Moderator Jul 16 @ 3:59 PM EDT
    Mind you the web link will change when the new @theASE web site is launched :) #asechat
    • NeedhamL56 - Moderator Jul 16 @ 3:56 PM EDT
      If you are looking for the PLAN resources scroll down to the assessment bit of this page https://t.co/89slyNqe0u you would pick up some good info about what Y4,5,& 6 are up to #transition #asechat
      • ViciaScience Jul 16 @ 3:50 PM EDT
        Absolutely essential, not just between science teachers but also between physics, chemistry and biology teachers otherwise children cannot see the patterns and commonality between disciplines or between year groups #ASEChat Look at @theASE PLAN resources for ideas on moderation
        In reply to @SKLchem, @hrogerson, @theASE